Novel ROADM modelling with WSS and OBS to Improve Routing Performance in Optical Network

The area of optical network is on constant point of focus among the research communities owing to potential advantage of long distance communication as well as the routing issues associated with it. Majority of the implemented techniques calls for using expensive hardware or adopting narrowed technical assumptions, for which reason the routing performance couldn’t be optimized to a large extent. The present manuscript proposes a novel technique called as Optimized Routing for Peak Traffic under the scenario of uncertainties in the existing traffic scenario. The proposed solution presents some potential principle that is incorporated in the ROADM design for enhancing the capabilities of the proposed system.  The system is evaluated under multiple scenarios of analysis using blocking probabilities, OSNR, bit error rate, iteration etc. The outcome of the proposed system is compared with the one of the existing significant study to benchmark it

Minimum Weakly Fundamental Cycle Bases Are Hard To Find.

In the last years, new variants of the minimum cycle basis (MCB) problem and new classes of cycle bases have been introduced, as motivated by several applications from disparate areas of scientific and technological inquiry. At present, the complexity status of the MCB problem is settled only for undirected, directed, and strictly fundamental cycle bases (SFCB's). Weakly fundamental cycle bases (WFCB's) form a natural superclass of SFCB's. A cycle basis C = {C(1), C(2), ... , C(nu)} of a graph G is a WFCB iff nu = 0 or there exists an edge e of G and a circuit C(i) in C such that C \ C(i) is a WFCB of G \ e. WFCB's still possess several of the nice properties offered by SFCB's. At the same time, several classes of graphs enjoying WFCB's of cost asymptotically inferior to the cost of the cheapest SFCB's have been found and exhibited in the literature. Considered also the computational difficulty of finding cheap SFCB's, these works advocated an in-depth study of WFCB's. In this paper, we settle the complexity status of the MCB problem for WFCB's (the MWFCB problem). The problem turns out to be APX-hard. However, in this paper, we also offer a simple and practical 2inverted right perpendicularlog(2) ninverted left perpendicular-approximation algorithm for the MWFCB problem. In O(n nu) time, this algorithm actually returns a WFCB whose cost is at most 2inverted right perpendicularlog(2)ninverted left perpendicular Sigma(e is an element of E(G)) w(e), thus allowing a fast 2inverted right perpendicularlog(2)ninverted left perpendicular-approximation also for the MCB problem. With this algorithm, we provide tight bounds on the cost of any MCB and MWFCB

Prognostic and therapeutic implications of statin and aspirin therapy in individuals with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: Results from the confirm (coronary CT angiography evaluation for clinical outcomes: An international multicenter registry) registry

Objective - We sought to examine the risk of mortality associated with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and to determine the impact of baseline statin and aspirin use on mortality. Approach and Results - Coronary computed tomographic angiography permits direct visualization of nonobstructive CAD. To date, the prognostic implications of nonobstructive CAD and the potential benefit of directing therapy based on nonobstructive CAD have not been carefully examined. A total of 27 125 consecutive patients who underwent computed tomographic angiography (12 enrolling centers and 6 countries) were prospectively entered into the COronary CT Angiography EvaluatioN For Clinical Outcomes: An InteRnational Multicenter (CONFIRM) registry. Patients, without history of previous CAD or obstructive CAD, for whom baseline statin and aspirin use was available were analyzed. Each coronary segment was classified as normal or nonobstructive CAD (1%-49% stenosis). Patients were followed up for a median of 27.2 months for all-cause mortality. The study comprised 10 418 patients (5712 normal and 4706 with nonobstructive CAD). In multivariable analyses, patients with nonobstructive CAD had a 6% (95% confidence interval, 1%-12%) higher risk of mortality for each additional segment with nonobstructive plaque (P=0.021). Baseline statin use was associated with a reduced risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.68; P=0.0003), a benefit that was present for individuals with nonobstructive CAD (hazard ratio, 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.55; P<0.001) but not for those without plaque (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.30-1.43; P=0.287). When stratified by National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Program III, no mortality benefit was observed in individuals without plaque. Aspirin use was not associated with mortality benefit, irrespective of the status of plaque. Conclusions - The presence and extent of nonobstructive CAD predicted mortality. Baseline statin therapy was associated with a significant reduction in mortality for individuals with nonobstructive CAD but not for individuals without CAD. Clinical Trial Registration - URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique identifier NCT01443637